Manilka

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 *  Different types of devices on a network need to be able to communicate with each other using similar techniques.
 *  Network standards are established to overcome problems of incompatibility on a network.
 *  Defines a set of guidelines that specify how computers access the network to which they are attached, the type of medium used, the speed of data transfer, and the types of cable or wireless connections.
 * ** Protocol-  ** is a standard that defines how two computers or devices on a network transmit data.



 *  Is a network standard that describes communication over a single cable shared by all devices on the network.
 *  Ethernet communicates between nodes in short messages called ** frames, **which contain packets of information.
 *  All frames contain destination codes, sending node address and data.
 *  Every computer or device recognises when data on the network is being sent.
 *  Computers read the first part of the frame to identify if it is addressed to it (otherwise it ignores it)
 *  Since Ethernet does not use a central computer to control when data can be transmitted, a node must ‘listen’ to the network to determine if another computer is transmitting a frame.



 *  Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 *  This protocol defines how data is carried from one part of a network to another.
 *  TCP/IP uses a small packet size compared to other network protocols, which is an advantage on the Internet as there are many paths packets could take to receiving devices and thus smaller packet sizes enable more options.

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Defines how two computers or devices can communicate using radio waves. A network that uses the 802.11 standard is known as a Wi-Fi network.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Wi-Fi networks allow computers that are up to 50 metres apart connect with each other.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> They transmit data over a frequency (usually 2.5 GHz). The higher the frequency the higher the data transfer rate.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Computers with a wireless network card can split their bandwidth into many channels and ‘frequency hop’ from one channel to another minimising interference.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Networks require a number of hardware and software components to allow computers to communicate with each other.

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Software that controls traffic on the network and defines how devices will communicate with each other.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Network operating system has two components; server software and client software
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Server software is installed on the network servers and performs tasks such as controlling file access, and managing print queues.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Network client software is installed on each workstation and establishes a connection through the network interface card.

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**** · ** URL – **Uniform resource location <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · When a user requests a webpage be sent to their computer, they enter the pages uniform resource location into the web browser on their computer. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · The URL sent by the requesting browser includes the page protocol to be used for the communication, the name of the server hosting the page being requested. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · ** Hypertext transfer protocol (http) –  ** is a stranded used for transmitting and receiving information on the internet <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · The http protocol is used to access pages written in hypertext mark up language (html) <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · The browser communicates with a domain name server (DNS) to translate the server name (cengage.com.au) into an IP address.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Includes web browsers, electronic mail, video conferencing and instant messaging.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">** Web Browser  ** - allows a user to view pages on the internet and manages the links used to jump from one document to the next.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">** Web Brower  ** - can be used to view WebPages, transfer files between computers and send emails.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">** Electronic Mail  ** - (email) applications operate over a network such as the internet or an intranet. A network usually has a mail server that is used to manage the flow of electronic mail.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">** Video Conferencing  ** - software allows the transmission of audio and video signals over the internet.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">** Instant Messaging  ** - involves real-time exchange of messages between online users of a network.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">** Chat room  ** - involves users of the internet engaging in real-time conversations. A number of people may be able to have simultaneous conversations.

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<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · Web server software provides content using the http protocol. The content is usually in the form of html documents, images or other resources. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · When the web server software receives a ‘get’ request from a client’s browser, it appends the path of the resource given in the URL to the path of the web server’s root directory. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · Another use of a proxy server is to speed up network traffic by caching pages <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · Proxy servers can also be configured by network managers to block certain websites. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · ** Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) –  ** is used on electric mail servers to handle the sending and receiving of client emails. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · ** Post Office Protocol (POP3) –  ** Is a server used to store messages <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · ** File Transfer Protocol (FTP) –  ** Is software which enables the uploading and downloading of files between computers in the internet <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · ** Web software applications  ** are programs designed for use on a website and include bolging software, forums and wikis.

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<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · The operating system and hardware architecture that a computer uses is called its platform. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · A cross platform application uses an execution engine and complier with libraries so that it runs identically on all machines. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · Adobe flash is a software tool that enables website developers to combine interactive content with text, three dimensional graphics, audio and video. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · Java is computer programming that allows website developers to create programs that will run within a web browser and other web services. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · Programs written on java will run on virtually any platform.

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<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · ** Network interface card (NIC) –  ** is used to link a computer or resource to a network. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · The NIC is connected to the network b wire, radio waves, infra – red light waves microwaves or fibre optic cable. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> · There are many different devices that can connect directly to a network through and NLC, the most important of these include computers, servers, printers, scanners, photocopiers, faxes and routers

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify;"> Used to connect wireless communications devices to a wired or wireless network
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify;"> The process of moving a wireless connection to a different access point, when a user moves to a different area is known as roaming.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify;"> A ** hotspot ** is a location where a user with a wireless-enabled computer is able to communicate with an access point (AP).

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"> A device that stores the address of every device down each wire leading from the switch.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"> A switch allows multiple devices and computers to communicate between each other at 100mbps.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify;"> Switches are effective on a network that has a large number of servers, or simply on large networks.

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"> A communication device that allows several remote LANs to connect over a WAN or to join a number of LANs into a bigger LAN.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify;"> A router uses the information contained within a packet to determine the most suitable LAN.

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"> A device used to send a computers digital signal over a telephone line.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;">** Sending Modem-  ** modulates digital data it receives from a computer into an analogue signal.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;">** Receiving Modem-  ** demodulates the analogue signal received from the telephone line into a digital signal.

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify;"> An external modem is a stand-alone device that attaches to a special serial port on a computer with a telephone cord connected to a telephone outlet.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify;"> An internal modem is a card that you insert into an expansion slot on a computer’s motherboard. One end of the telephone card attaches to a port on the modem and the other end plugs into a telephone outlet.

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify;"> Both the computer and the ADSL connection use digital signals- i.e. a dialup modem cannot be used as it converts analogue to digital and vice versa.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify;"> Digital Modem is one that sends and receives data and information from a digital connect such as ADSL or a broadband cable.

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 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"> A modem that sends and receives data over the cable television network.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 0cm margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify;"> Cable modems transmit data faster than Dial-up or ADSL modems.